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消防工程师考试一级消防工程师易错题（2017/4/12）
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第1题：a report consistently brought back by visitors to the us is how friendly, courteous and helpful most americans were to them. to be fair, this observation is also frequently made of canada and canadians, and should best be considered north american. there are, of course, exceptions. small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the us. yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. for a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside worlD、 the harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. it was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. it reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who woulD、 and someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the us, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. "i was just traveling through, got talking with this american, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner-amazing." such observations reported by visitors to the us are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. the casual friendliness of many americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. as is true of any developed society, in america a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. and, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. visitors who fail to "translate" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. for example, when an american uses the word "friend", the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. it takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. yet, being friendly is a virtue that many americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
46、in the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ___________.
A、 rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the us
B、 small-minded officials deserve a serious comment
C、 canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors
D、 most americans are ready to offer help
47、it could be inferred from the last paragraph that ___________.
A、 culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship
B、 courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated
C、 various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends
D、 social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions
48、families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ___________.
A、 to improve their hard life
B、 in view of their long-distance travel
C、 to add some flavor to their own daily life
D、 out of a charitable impulse
49、the tradition of hospitality to strangers ___________.
A、 tends to be superficial and artificial
B、 is generally well kept up in the united states
C、 is always understood properly
D、 has something to do with the busy tourist trails
50、what's the author's attitudes toward the american's friendliness?
A、 favorable.
B、 unfavorable.
C、 indifferent.
D、 neutral.
【分析题】：

第2、3、4、5、6题：Today, there are many avenues open to those who wish to continue their education. However, nearly all require some break in one’s career in order to attend school full time. Part-time education, that is, attending school at night or for one weekend a month, tends to drag the process out over time and puts the completion of a degree program out of reach of many people. Additionally, such programs require a fixed time commitment which can also impact negatively on one’s career and family time. Of the many approaches to teaching and learning, however, perhaps the most flexible and accommodating is that called distance learning.
Distance learning is an educational method, which allows the students the flexibility to study at his or her own pace to achieve the academic goals, which are so necessary in today’s world. The time required to study many be set aside at the student’s convenience with due regard to all life’s other requirements. Additionally, the student may enroll in distance learning courses from virtually any place in the world, while continuing to pursue their chosen career. Tutorial assistance may be available via regular airmail, telephone, facsimile machine, teleconferencing and over the Internet. Good distance learning programs are characterized by the inclusion of a subject evaluation tool with every subject. This precludes the requirement for a student to travel away from home to take a test.
Another characteristic of a good distance-learning program is the equivalence of the distance-learning course with the same subject materials as those students taking the course on the home campus. The resultant diploma or degree should also be the same whether distance learning or on-campus study is employed. The individuality of the professor/student relationship is another characteristic of a good distance-learning program. In the final analysis, a good distance learning program has a place not only for the individual students but also the corporation or business that wants to work in partnership with their employees for the educational benefit, professional development, and business growth of the organization. Sponsoring distance learning programs for their employees gives the business the advantage of retaining career-minded people while contributing to their personal and professional growth through education.
51、According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of part-time education?
A. It requires some break in one’s career.
B. It tends to last too long for many people to complete a degree program.
C. It affects one’s career.
D. It gives the student less time to share with the family.
52、Which of the following is NOT an advantage of distance learning?
A. The students may choose his or her own pace.
B. The students may study at any time to his or her convenience.
C. They can pursue their chosen career while studying.
D. Their tutorial assistance comes through regular airmail, telephone, facsimile machine, etc.
53、What benefit will distance-learning program bring to a business?
A. Recruitment of more talented people.
B. Good image of the business.
C. Better cooperation with universities.
D. Further training of employees and business growth.
54、What benefit will distance learning bring to an employee of a business?
A. Professional growth.
B. Good relationship with the employer.
C. Good impression on the employer.
D. Higher salary.
55、Which is not the characteristic of distance learning?
A. It includes a subject evaluation tool with every subject.
B. Its course uses the same subject materials as those students taking the course on the home campus.
C. A distance-learning program has a place only for students.
D. The relationship of the professor/student is characterized by individuality.
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第7题：(61)While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.Caught in the web of its own time and place，each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past.In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered;it is also frequently partial or partisan.The irony of the historians craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.
Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy，the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.(62)Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.
During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.
(63)There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians，especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of“tunnel method，”frequently fall victim to the“technicist fallacy.”(64)Also common in the natural sciences，the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.
(65)It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
【分析题】：

第8题：today, there are many avenues open to those who wish to continue their education. however, nearly all require some break in one's career in order to attend school full time. part-time education, that is, attending school at night or for one weekend a month, tends to drag the process out over time and puts the completion of a degree program out of reach of many people. additionally, such programs require a fixed time commitment which can also impact negatively on one's career and family time. of the many approaches to teaching and learning, however, perhaps the most flexible and accommodating is that called distance learning. distance learning is an educational method, which allows the students the flexibility to study at his or her own pace to achieve the academic goals, which are so necessary in today's worlD、 the time required to study many be set aside at the student's convenience with due regard to all life's other requirements. additionally, the student may enroll in distance learning courses from virtually any place in the world, while continuing to pursue their chosen career. tutorial assistance may be available via regular airmail, telephone, facsimile machine, teleconferencing and over the internet. good distance learning programs are characterized by the inclusion of a subject evaluation tool with every subject. this precludes the requirement for a student to travel away from home to take a test. another characteristic of a good distance-learning program is the equivalence of the distance-learning course with the same subject materials as those students taking the course on the home campus. the resultant diploma or degree should also be the same whether distance learning or on-campus study is employeD、 the individuality of the professor/student relationship is another characteristic of a good distance-learning program. in the final analysis, a good distance learning program has a place not only for the individual students but also the corporation or business that wants to work in partnership with their employees for the educational benefit, professional development, and business growth of the organization. sponsoring distance learning programs for their employees gives the business the advantage of retaining career-minded people while contributing to their personal and professional growth through education.
51、according to the passage, which of the following is not a disadvantage of part-time education?
A、 it requires some break in one's career.
B、 it tends to last too long for many people to complete a degree program.
C、 it affects one's career.
D、 it gives the student less time to share with the family.
52、which of the following is not an advantage of distance learning?
A、 the students may choose his or her own pace.
B、 the students may study at any time to his or her convenience.
C、 they can pursue their chosen career while studying.
D、 their tutorial assistance comes through regular airmail, telephone, facsimile machine, etC、
53、what benefit will distance-learning program bring to a business?
A、 recruitment of more talented people.
B、 good image of the business.
C、 better cooperation with universities.
D、 further training of employees and business growth.
54、what benefit will distance learning bring to an employee of a business?
A、 professional growth.
B、 good relationship with the employer.
C、 good impression on the employer.
D、 higher salary.
55、which is not the characteristic of distance learning?
A、 it includes a subject evaluation tool with every subject.
B、 its course uses the same subject materials as those students taking the course on the home campus.
C、 a distance-learning program has a place only for students.
D、 the relationship of the professor/student is characterized by individuality.
【分析题】：

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